Zell Miller’s Speech

by La Shawn on September 3, 2004

in General

MillerBrimstone and fire. The man probably never spoke truer words. You could hear the passion in his voice. His speech was simple and forthright. Whoever wrote it deserves praise, but it was Zell Miller’s plainspoken and blunt delivery that made it dynamic. It makes the tripe Barack Obama put out pale in comparison.

Everything Miller said about Ted Kennedy and John Kerry was true. Here’s the text of the speech. If you go to that thing MSNBC calls a blog, you can access the video of the speech and interview with Chris Matthews.

But Zell Miller was preaching to a choir of people who adore George Bush. He was talking about a man, John Kerry, whose followers would vote for him even if he’d airplane-bombed the Twin Towers himself.

Men like Miller are a dying breed. Men like Kerry will continue to proliferate. Miller is an old-school politician. All that’s left of the party are a bunch of leftist socialists and Marxists, so it follows that liberals hated the speech. Miller spoke about God, honor and duty, things liberals don’t like to talk about.

The media are already trying to dig up “dirt” on Miller: his speech from the 1992 Democratic National Convention. They want to prove he’s a hypocrite, whether he said the same thing about George Bush’s father as he said about John Kerry. Of course it doesn’t matter if he did. In twelve years, a person can have a change of heart about a lot of things. But in their desperation to unseat Bush, liberals would make “news” out of mush. Silly rabbits.

This is how a liberal “reporter” at the Denver Post saw it:

After warning Democrats for years not to go negative or appear pessimistic, for fear of turning off voters, the Republican convention last night adopted the furious face of lapsed Democrat Zell Miller.

Miller, a retiring Georgia senator switching his loyalty to President Bush, fairly spewed into the teleprompters. Newspaper accounts and radio clips will not capture Miller’s dyspeptic prime-time moment. In Miller’s view, all Democrats in war time are traitorous merely for retaining their party’s capital “D.”…

Perhaps Miller’s rant was designed to make Cheney, the Wyoming Republican many Democrats love to hate, look more reasonable. Compared with the Georgian, Cheney’s presentation was almost avuncular.

And this is one of the worst, most obviously leftist columns I’ve ever read:

A day after Sen. Zell Miller, D-Ga., unleashed a bitter attack on his own party and Sen. John Kerry, Democrats returned the fire Thursday, calling him an “angry, bitter, old” turncoat looking to sell books.

“Zell Miller is a self-aggrandizing old curmudgeon who is more interested in puffing up his own ego than in providing leadership on the issues families care about,” said Anne Lewis, deputy executive director of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee…

Scowling angrily throughout his speech, Miller claimed that the Democratic Party believes “America is the problem, not the solution.”

Notice something very important about liberal commentary on Miller’s speech. Not one seems to challenge any of his statements. Most contain references to his “scowl,” his age and the fact that he’s a southerner. Liberals distain plainspoken older men from the south, I guess.

OK, so we all liked his speech. We’ll talk about the tragedy in Russia another time. What’s next? He didn’t say anything we didn’t already know. Part of the pleasure we derived from it was the fact that he’s a Democrat speaking out against his party.

Fiery speeches aside, what is Bush going to do about Iraq? Illegal immigration? What did he say, and did it satisfy me? Stay tuned for my commentary on the president’s speech.

{ 54 comments }

Laura 09.03.04 at 7:58 am

“Men like Miller are a dying breed. Men like Kerry will continue to proliferate.”

Oh, no, La Shawn. Human nature doesn’t change. Yeats wrote “The best lack all convictions, while the worst/ Are full of passionate intensity” in 1919. We’ll always have people like Miller, and people like Kerry, and everybody else we’ve got. Which is both comforting and tragic.

Interested-Participant 09.03.04 at 8:23 am

The liberals quickly spoke up and called Miller’s speech ‘mean’ and over-the-top. When did telling the truth become defined as mean? Personally, I find it to be refreshing and something that should occur more often.

Preston Taylor Holmes 09.03.04 at 8:33 am

Just listen how often the Old Media refers to it as “hateful” or “hate speech”. They love using that terminology when they have no defense for the actual content. Sometimes it’s fun to watch them go off the rails, but most of the time it’s just irritating.

RepJ 09.03.04 at 10:15 am

I knew Zell’s speech was going to be great! He speaks for millions of conservative Democrats who feel that party has left them for the marxists in the party.

Richard Hall 09.03.04 at 10:48 am

This “liberal” is quite happy to talk about honour.

Are you so sure that Sen. Miller “defended the rights of blacks when it was unpopular”? I seem to recall reading that he objected to the money spent on the Civil Rights Act, and accused Lyndon Johnson of selling his soul for signing it. Sure, he took those remarks back, but by then the tide had turned. As for liberal press digging the dirt, that isn’t a response to the speech. It was certainly happening in August. It’s a reasonable point to raise, isn’t it? That the man who drubbed GWB’s father is giving a speech extolling the son? You’re right that a man is entitled to change his mind, but when is it legitimate mind-changing rather than “flip-flopping”? (Surely not “when it’s our man!”)
Lastly, I’m pretty tired of hearing about hard-left, ’socialist’ John Kerry’s democrats.It is just arrant nonsense, a complete misuse of labels, to call anything going on in mainstream US politics as even anything approaching Marxism.

LB 09.03.04 at 10:58 am

I’ll concede this: Last night I heard a liberal on the radio say that Miller defended the rights of blacks back in the day. Since I don’t have evidence to believe or disbelieve, I’ve removed it from the post until I investigate.

Marxism: The political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in which the concept of class struggle plays a central role in understanding society’s allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society.

That’s a dictionary definition that I’ll expand on later, using contemporary examples in American society to show similarities.

And there is no need to define socialism. The American welfare state is a huge, bloated, glaring elephant-in-the-room staring us in the face. If you don’t like hearing and reading about us Americans and our use of labels, exercise your choice not to read or listen.

Omar 09.03.04 at 11:03 am

Since Republicans enjoy throwing the term ‘flip flopper’ around so disregardingly, i thought id dig up a speech from Zell Miller from 2001, not exactly ages away…

http://miller.senate.gov/speeches/030101jjdinner.htm

‘In his 16 years in the Senate, John Kerry has fought against government waste and worked hard to bring some accountability to Washington.’

‘John has worked to strengthen our military, reform public education,
boost the economy and protect the environment. ‘

Heh….this is golden.

Heres the Bush campaign desperatly trying to back away from Miller.

After gauging the harsh reaction from Democrats and Republicans alike to Sen. Zell Miller’s keynote address at the Republican National Convention, the Bush campaign — led by the first lady — backed away Thursday from Miller’s savage attack on Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, insisting that the estranged Democrat was speaking only for himself.

‘Late Thursday, Miller’s name was removed from the list of dignitaries who would be sitting in the first family’s box during the president’s acceptance speech later in the evening. No explanation was immediately offered, but the change was made only a few hours after Laura Bush, asked about Miller’s deeply personal denunciation of his own party’s nominee, said in an interview with NBC News that “I don’t know that we share that point of view.” ‘

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5897622

‘I knew Zell’s speech was going to be great! He speaks for millions of conservative Democrats who feel that party has left them for the marxists in the party. ‘

John Kerry the raging Communist. Please.

‘But Zell Miller was preaching to a choir of people who adore George Bush. He was talking about a man, John Kerry, whose followers would vote for him even if he’d airplane-bombed the Twin Towers himself. ‘

Maybe you are right, but ironically, he was preaching to a choir who would vote for Bush even if he’d airplane-bombed the twin towers himself. Blind Partisan loyalty is a two way thing me thinks. Both parties are guilty.

LB 09.03.04 at 11:10 am

First, John Kerry flip-flopped from one hour to the next, not in decades-long time frames. Miller’s statements were made 12 years ago. Heaven knows I don’t even want to tell you what I thought was right 12 years ago. I voted for Bill Clinton, for crying out loud!

What Kerry does is change his views from one campaign stop to one audience to another. I’ll give Kerry this: he may regret protesting against the war and bad-mouthing fellow soldiers 30 years ago. That’s more plausible that shifting sound bites within hours.

Second, the source you cited for the “Bush backs away” claim is from MSNBC. I just can’t believe Laura Bush said it or that the Administration “backed away” from Miller’s statements. The point is, no matter what Miller said in 1982, what he said the day before yesterday is true!

Omar 09.03.04 at 11:17 am

‘First, John Kerry flip-flopped from one hour to the next, not in decades-long time frames. Miller’s statements were made 12 years ago. Heaven knows I don’t to even mention anything I thought I was right about 12 years ago.’

Checkout the speech i provided from 2001. This was NOT decades ago. Zell Miller praised Kerry’s voting record, and his contribution to his country. Im sorry but if this isnt ‘flip flopping’ i dont know what is.

I deleted part of this comment because you’re getting close to the line, Omar. I don’t like to be insulted on my own blog. – Admin

SCSIwuzzy 09.03.04 at 11:22 am

Politicians say things based on their audience? GASP.
I’ll still give the flip-flop award to Kerry, as well as the raging distortion of truth award to him as well.
While I trust no politician implicitly, there are some like Kerry and Kennedy, that I only trust to be untrustworthy.

Omar 09.03.04 at 11:25 am

Sorry, i didnt mean to be insulting, i was just saying to LB, check these claims out!!!

LB 09.03.04 at 11:26 am

The “Admin” is LB.

Frank Zavisca 09.03.04 at 11:27 am

As a “rich Wnite male”, Zell Miller’s speech reminded me of a sermon I heard when a Black friend invited me to her Baptist church.

Yes he was “on fire” and yes – he was “angry”. Quite rational.

Concerning his “racist past” – this was just a part of Southern politics in the 60’s.

I would have to differ with La Shawn about Miller being a dying breed, and Kerrys proliverating. I believe the opposite has occurred.

Miller and many others have broken with their racist past – they are the real “progressives” who have kept touch with changing times.

In contrast, Kerry and his kind, and the leadership of Marxist groups like the NAACP, are the real dying breed – they are still living in the 60’s. After reaading “Unfit for Command” – and obsrvring Kerry’s voting record – it’s just obvious – this is the same person who hated war so much he lied for his “cause”. Not very “presidential”.

Richard Hall 09.03.04 at 11:36 am

>> And there is no need to define socialism.
On the contrary. If you do what Humpty-Dumpty did, words cease to have any meaning. A welfare system, even a bloated one, is not marxism. When I hear Kerry advocating that workers should own and control the means of production I’ll take the socialist charge seriously.

And Miller hasn’t just changed his mind over decades. It doesn’t take long with Google to come up with these ringing endoresements of Kerry from 2001: “”My job tonight is an easy one: to present to you one of this nation’s authentic heroes, one of this party’s best-known and greatest leaders — and a good friend.”
“In his 16 years in the Senate, John Kerry has fought against government waste and worked hard to bring some accountability to Washington. Early in his Senate career in 1986, John signed on to the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Deficit Reduction Bill, and he fought for balanced budgets before it was considered politically correct for Democrats to do so. John has worked to strengthen our military, reform public education, boost the economy and protect the environment.”

LB 09.03.04 at 11:40 am

Richard did you read my comment? I didn’t say the welfare state is Marxism. I defined Marxism and socialism separately. Man, my blog sure is popular with nitpicking discontents. I like it! ;)

Richard Hall 09.03.04 at 11:51 am

Factcheck.org has some useful information on Kerry’s voting record, which played quite a large part in Miller’s rhetoric.

I’ll accept the “nitpicking discontent” label when you offer anything that looks (to a socialist) anything that looks vaguely like socialism in Kerry’s political programme.

SCSIwuzzy 09.03.04 at 11:57 am

LB,
Us nitpickers like you too. Well, some of us.

LB 09.03.04 at 11:59 am

Thanks, ‘Wuzzy!

Lorie 09.03.04 at 12:01 pm

In reference to the speech back in 2001 that Omar is refering too, Zell Miller addressed that last night on Hannity & Colmes when Alan Colmes questioned him about it. He stated in part that he read the bio the Kerry people provided for the speech. When questioned again why the praise then & the slam now, Miller’s response was that back then he didn’t do his research, but once Kerry started running for President Miller started really looking at his record.

Since this speach was given at the Democratic Party of Georgia’s Jefferson-Jackson Dinner in March of 2001, I would think that a lot of these types of things were going on because it was a different political scene since 9/11 hadn’t occured yet.

Even in the article that Omar refered to:
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5897622

It states:
Miller, who all but abandoned his party after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, returned Wednesday to Madison Square Garden to denounce Kerry as �more wrong, more weak and more wobbly than any other national figure.�

Sorry I wasn’t able to find a link to the transcript for the Hannity & Colmes show, but I did Tivo the program & I’m pretty sure I’m giving you a pretty accurate idea of the interview.

Omar 09.03.04 at 12:26 pm

Miller still directly praised Kerry’s voting record, suggesting that he agreed with his ideals.

‘I would think that a lot of these types of things were going on because it was a different political scene since 9/11 hadn’t occured yet.’

This has nothing to do with Kerry’s voting record.

This Miller guy doesnt convince me at all. People often say Kerry’s platform revolves around the ‘vote for me, im not the other guy’ theory. Miller’s speech seemed to be a bit of a home goal, as he seemed to be using that tactic.

Lorie 09.03.04 at 12:39 pm

‘I would think that a lot of these types of things were going on because it was a different political scene since 9/11 hadn’t occured yet.’

This has nothing to do with Kerry’s voting record.

What I meant by that comment was that I believe in politics (on either side) that they would just support a fellow party member without necessarily investigating how they voted. Demecratics vs. Republicans, no matter what. But once you open yourself up by running for President in a post 9/11 environment, you’re going to get more scrutiny on your voting record and some people may change their minds on their prior support for you.

Just my opinion.

Andrew P. Connors 09.03.04 at 12:51 pm

I too watched Zell Miller on Hannity and Colmes and Lorie presents an accurate portrayal of how Zell Miller responded to the question by Alan.

As he puts it, he was given a bio to read on John Kerry by John Kerry’s staff, and being a Democrat and not at the point of making the major break from his party, he read the bio. Perhaps this was a mistake on Miller’s part. Perhaps he should have done his homework and been more informed. The obvious answer is that Senator Miller isn’t running for President of the United States.

Furthermore, you have to understand Miller’s and many others’ rationale on Kerry and his lack of support for the US military and the defense of the country. No one doubts Senator Kerry’s patriotism (despite John Kerry claiming that’s all the Republicans are doing), and no one doubts John Kerry’s statements that if America is attacked, he would respond.

In the era of the waning days of the Cold War and after the fall of the Soviet Union, John Kerry’s defense philosophy is not nearly as catastrophic as it is now in a post September 11 world. This is why Senator Miller “changed” so much following 9-11; America was attacked, and the country required defending, yet the Democrats turned into the anti-war party even after war had already come to us.

There has still been no response as to the substance of what ought to be the central subject of the presidential campaign: how will each candidate handle terrorism, and who is the best option in this respect?

The President has told you why you should choose him over Senator Kerry using reasonable arguments and analysis as to the policy and actions necessary against terrorism. Senator Kerry has resorted to name calling and as of yet a complete avoidance of the substance of the debate.

Omar 09.03.04 at 1:03 pm

‘yet the Democrats turned into the anti-war party even after war had already come to us.’

This is a shady area, as its been established Iraq had nothing to do with the attack on the US….The Democrat party still support the war on terror.

noah 09.03.04 at 1:26 pm

La Shawn, good blog. I loved Zell’s speech too. Especially knowing the fact that he is a Democrat. I actually liked all the prime time speeches (McCain’s, Juliani’s, Pataki’s, Arnold’s, Laura’s, Cheney’s, and Bush’s) for various degrees compared with everything that came out of the Fleetcenter. Absolutely night and day, in terms of content, delivery, manner, grace, effect, and help to the respective campaign. The worst prime time speech at the Rep conference is better than the best dem speech (Obama’s?).

And good point, Frank Zavisca.

Mad Mikey 09.03.04 at 3:19 pm

I missed his speech but Zell Miller strikes me as acting like my father: a Southerner that is really cheesed off and is telling you exactly why.

Peter 09.03.04 at 3:46 pm

“The man probably never spoke truer words.” Um, no. “Everything Miller said about Ted Kennedy and John Kerry was true.” No, actually, none of it was, at least the part about the weapons. Look a href=”http://slate.msn.com/id/2106119/”>here and here. Kerry couldn’t have voted against any of the named weapons systems, because none ever came up for a vote. Funding for weapons systems are embedded in huge defense appropriations bills; senators vote up or down on the entire bill. As Fred Kaplan explains: “This myth took hold last February in a press release put out by the RNC. Those who bothered to look up the fine-print footnotes discovered that they referred to votes on two defense appropriations bills, one in 1990, the other in 1995. Kerry voted against both bills, as did 15 other senators, including five Republicans. The RNC took those bills, cherry-picked some of the weapons systems contained therein, and implied that Kerry voted against those weapons. By the same logic, they could have claimed that Kerry voted to disband the entire U.S. armed forces; but that would have raised suspicions and thus compelled more reporters to read the document more closely.”

James Lamb, Jr. 09.03.04 at 4:13 pm

Sen. Miller’s attack-dog speech reminds all Americans why, ultimately, John Kerry’s brand of liberalism won’t win this election: scared Americans do not care how much they have to lie, distort and otherwise mislead people in order to preserve their illusion of safety in uncertain times. Miller’s extreme attacks on Kerry’s patriotism and support for American national security resonate so well with many Americans because fear is the perfect political motivator.

It doesn’t matter that Miller’s attacks are wholly untrue and generally wrong; Miller was sent to frighten Americans into supporting Pres. Bush’s re-election, implying that John Kerry does not care about supporting American domestic safety from foreign attack. No reasonable American could possibly believe that a person who fought bravely and honorably in an foreign war for our nation, someone who has made the personal safety of the United States of America his personal responsibility, a person willing to challenge the policies of his government when he believed those policies to hurt his fellow soldiers and their military objectives – a person like John Kerry – could reasonably care so little about defending his nation that he’d leave our national safety up to spitballs.

Was Zell Miller high?

It boggles the mind to believe such nonsense, but that flag-waving, fear-eliciting rhetoric will work, because people would rather be safe than correct. The sad thing is that a reasonable person could believe that a person who used personal and family connections to escape a military draft and/or secure less violent, token service where the safety of his homeland was not his personal responsibility – a reasonable person could believe that person did not truly care about American safety. The leaders of the GOP ticket during this election, in my opinion, are playing America’s basest fears as political poker chips in this election, daring John Kerry to display his testosterone hand against Pres. Bush in a November national championship of macho Texas Hold-em. Zell Miller’s message told Americans to be more afraid instead of conquering their fear in order to think clearly about fighting terrorism, fixing the economy, providing more healthcare, assisting Social Security, even alleviating joblessness and ending outsourcing … you know, stuff a Democrat would speak about. Too bad Sen. Miller is too frightened to think clearly.

Peter 09.03.04 at 4:25 pm

Sorry, I messed up my code above, I meant to say “Look here and here.”

Daniel 09.03.04 at 6:01 pm

Factcheck.org was very helpful in refuting Millers speech on Kerrys voting record.

RepJ 09.03.04 at 6:27 pm

La Shawn, Thanks for backing me up. :)

Miller has already explained his comments for Kerry from 12 years ago. He said something to the effect of “I was a new senator and didn’t know the party and Kerry like I do now.”

Seeing how the democrats like Michael Moore so much, maybe you should look into Moore’s politics, which are SOCIALIST and when he goes overseas he calls it socialism vs capitalism. What kind of school do you think your kids go to? Capitalist schools? What did you thing Hillarycare was? Capitalist health care???

James, You think they are using scare tactics? Did you forget about 9-11 already? What kind of scare tactic was that, who implemented it and who is currently protecting us from it happening again? Scare ‘tactics’ implies that there is no danger and those implementing them are using a ‘chicken little’ argument. No, my friend, these dangers are real and not imagined. Scare tactics would be environmentalists warning us of global cooling in the 70s only to start warning us about global warming in the 90s.

stan 09.03.04 at 7:02 pm

I think Zell Miller was a little drunk on “Hardball” What a disgusting, pathetic individual. His excuses on the H & C show are more than unbelievable. I’m sure he and Hannity will now go on the road and make some more dough off sincere but naive conservatives. Either he was still trying to draw attention to himself and sell more books or was a little tipsy and not in charge of his faculties or he is an ignoramus and a bozo. i would vote for all 3. I wonder if the Republicans would even welcome him into the party. Another Southern Democrat still hanging on. I thought all of those *** had abandoned the Democratic Party and joined George Wallace and Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan’s party of secret code words years ago.

Stan in San Diego

abraxas 09.03.04 at 9:37 pm

I personally find people like Zell and his brand of fire and brimstone hard to swallow, because it’s all style and no substance. He does his speech and gives post-speech interviews armed with 2 double-sided pieces of paper to back up his facts, and then challenges a reporter to a duel. Now, if we were to look up a few of the assertions he made in his speech and find that he is wrong, then I’d really like to see what is written on those 2 double-sided pieces of paper he carries around with him. Of course, it’s now been well documented that many of the assertions in his speech are wrong and/or seriously misleading. If I were in Zell’s position, retiring a rich man after many years of public service, I’d not want to be remembered as the raving lunatic liar at the RNC. But that’s just me.

Peter 09.03.04 at 10:49 pm

To RepJ:

You think they are using scare tactics? Did you forget about 9-11 already? What kind of scare tactic was that, who implemented it and who is currently protecting us from it happening again?

You take it as obvious that Bush’s policies are “protecting” us from future terrorist attacks. Many of us believe that Bush’s policies have increased the probability of future terrorist attacks.

Scare ‘tactics’ implies that there is no danger and those implementing them are using a ‘chicken little’ argument.

No one is arguing that there really is no terrorist threat. The “scare tactic” is the claim that if Bush is defeated, Osama and company will rejoice. Indeed, I am strongly convinced that the opposite is true. As one of my friends remarked last year, “Operation Iraqi Freedom” should have been called “Operation Create Recruits for Al-Qaeda.”

Robin Munn 09.03.04 at 10:52 pm

To James Lamb, Jr. –

You said, “No reasonable American could believe that … a person like John Kerry could reasonably care so little about defending his nation that he’d leave our national safety up to spitballs.” (The part of the sentence I elided contains praise for Kerry’s Vietnam service).

As someone who considers himself a reasonable American, I’d take issue with your statement. Kerry’s voting record in the Senate is much more relevant to this than his Vietnam service. In Vietnam, he served as just one more soldier, with no decision-making power. In the Senate, he had about as much decision-making power as it is possible to have short of being President. Therefore, his Senate record over the past twenty years is a much better way to predict his future behavior as President than his actions as a soldier over four months.

Kerry’s voting record, BTW, can be found over at Project Vote Smart, a site I’d highly recommend for digging up the facts on any politician’s record.

Looking through the “Defense Issues” category:

In 1988, Kerry voted for aid to the Nicaraguan contras, limiting the U.S. strategic nuclear arsenal, and reducing funding for SDI (the so-called “Star Wars” missile defense program).

In 1991, Kerry voted for using defense dollars to help the Soviet Union dismantle its nuclear arsenal, discontinuing the B-2 bomber, and allowing women pilots to fly combat missions. He also voted for an amendment (to a bill, not to the Constitution) that would specify that the U.S. goal was to maintain strategic stability with the Soviet Union.

In 1992, Kerry voted for reducing defense spending by $8.8 billion, funding a second and third Seawolf nuclear submarine (he voted against a bill to cut its funding), putting an end to nuclear testing, funding SDI to the tune of $3.3 billion (the administration had requested $5.4 billion and the committee’s bill suggested $4.3 billion), and cutting $2.6 billion from the funding of the B-2 bomber (thus limiting production to 15 planes instead of 20).

In 1993, Kerry voted for cutting the funding for the ballistic missile defense program from $3.4 billion to $3 billion; he voted against postponing the closing of military bases; he voted for ending the draft; he voted for funding for the third Seawolf submarine (voted against a bill to kill the funding); he voted against withdrawing troops from Somalia; and voted for disclosing the total amount of money spent on intelligence activities.

In 1994, Kerry voted for cutting $150 million from funding for more B-2 bombers, and voted to eliminate funding for Trident II submarines.

This is getting long, so I’ll stop here. The rest of Kerry’s voting record on defense and other issues is available to anyone who wants to see it at the link I provided above. To summarize:

Kerry’s voting record in the Senate, at least during his first term, isn’t one that I 100% dislike. (It would have been surprising if it was). I agree with him on at least a couple of those votes, like ending the draft, and keeping troops in Somalia. On the subject of military defense:

Voted for Seawolf subs.

Voted against B-2 bomber, SDI, and Trident II subs.

Not quite “spitballs” — but not a record that I would read as strong on military defense, either.

By the way, La Shawn, I apologize if this comment is overly long. I get wordy like that…

Robin Munn 09.03.04 at 11:04 pm

And Peter, as for “Operation Iraqi Freedom” being better called “Operation Create Recruits for Al-Qaeda”:

Obviously there are many Iraqis who aren’t happy with the U.S. presence. You just need to read the news to find that out. But did you know that there are many Iraqis who are very happy that the U.S. came in and got rid of Hussein? You don’t tend to hear about them in the news, because they’re not the ones planting roadside bombs. If you want to hear the point of view of some of the Iraqis who are glad for the U.S. intervention, I recommend the blog Iraq the Model. Those whose hatred of Bush is purely irrational won’t want to read it, naturally; I’ve given up on trying to persuade them. But those like yourself who seem to have rational reasons to believe that Bush’s policy was a bad idea: I’d challenge you to read the words of an Iraqi who disagrees with you.

Peter 09.04.04 at 12:11 am

Robin, I have no doubt that there are many Iraqis who are glad of the US presence. There are also many who are not. Which is the larger category? It’s hard to say for sure. The results from the few attempts at systematic opinion polling aren’t encouraging, however. While the majority of Iraqis are glad Saddam’s gone, a huge majority — 80-90% of those polled, if I recall correctly — want US troops to leave now. Moreover, surely you admit that the general attitude of Iraqis toward the occupation is a far cry from the flowers-and-kisses scenario confidently predicted by neoconservative intellectuals and policymakers. (We paleos were far more suspicious.)

However, the quip I quoted wasn’t referring primarily to Iraqis, but to radicals eleswhere in the Islamic world. Bin Laden repeatedly and consistently said that he hated the US for three specific policies: (1) having our troops stationed in Muslim territory (i.e., Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), (2) our unconditional support for Israeli hard-liners, and (3) our leadership of the sanctions regime against Iraq in the 1990s, which he claimed (and neutral observers also claim) led to the deaths of thousands of innocent civilians. If this is correct — who knows, he could be lying through his teeth, and really hates us for Budweiser and knee-length skirts, as Bush claims — the invading another Muslim country, and in all likelihood having US troops stationed there indefinitely, is exactly the wrong thing to do.

One of my colleagues has a picture on her wall of Bin Laden with the line “Nine of ten terrorists agree, vote Kerry/Edwards” or something like that. Cute, to be sure, but in my view completely wrong. Bush might just be the best thing that could have happened to Osama.

AWG 09.04.04 at 7:12 am

Omar wrote: “…its been established Iraq had nothing to do with the attack on the US….
Has it really, though? I’ve heard a lot of anti-Iraq War people make this assertion, but I’ve yet to see anything to really back it up. There was a much-ballyhooed line from the 9/11 Commission report that seemed at a glance to support this statement, but other portions of that same report contradicted it. While it’s true that the 9/11 murderers weren’t acting under direct orders from Saddam, Saddam-era Iraq was a staunch supporter and abetter of terrorism in general, and of al-Qaeda in particular. That’s hardly “nothing”.

Peter wrote: “Bin Laden repeatedly and consistently said that he hated the US for three specific policies: (1) having our troops stationed in Muslim territory (i.e., Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), (2) our unconditional support for Israeli hard-liners, and (3) our leadership of the sanctions regime against Iraq in the 1990s, which he claimed (and neutral observers also claim) led to the deaths of thousands of innocent civilians.”
Okay, fair enough. Let’s look at those one by one, shall we?
1) U.S. troops in the Middle East is hardly a new development. It wasn’t some innovation of George W. Bush’s, and as such can’t be used as evidence that Bush makes al-Qaeda hate America.
2) Again, not a new thing. Islamofascists wouldn’t claim that the U.S. had stopped supporting “Israeli hardliners” unless we nuked Israel ourselves (and even then they’d likely say it was “just a good start”).
3) The sanctions against Iraq was by U.N. resolution; if the U.S. is going to be blamed for them, then a lot of other countries would have to be lumped in with us. And again, the sanctions had been in place over two previous administrations. Besides, I thought the U.N.’s Oil-For-Food program was supposed to mitigate the effects of the sanctions on the Iraqi people? It might possibly have done just that, if Saddam had used the proceeds from those oil sales to feed his people, as he was supposed to. As it was, Saddam was building pleasure palace upon pleasure palace, while officials from France, Germany, and Russia (among others) were getting rich from the resale of that oil, and from other under-the-table deals they had going with Saddam.
In short, these are not compelling reasons to believe that Bush and his policies are driving Muslims to terrorist groups in droves. Islamofascists attack America because it is not an exclusively Islamic state, and they attack other countries for the same reason (even France, which has tried to maintain friendly relations with Hamas, the PLO, and other terrorist organizations is finding itself in the crosshairs). To try to pin it all on George W. Bush is sophistry at best.

Peter 09.04.04 at 10:00 am

AWB, you didn’t read my post closely enough. I never said the current Administration is responsible for all those policies. I said this is why Bin Laden hates the US,, not why he hates GWB. However, GWB has greatly exacerbated the problem by invading and occupying Iraq (and, to a lesser degree, by giving Sharon a blank check).

Incidentally, I have no desire to get into a pissing match with you over the details, but I disagree strongly with many of your factual statements. “Islamofascists wouldn’t claim that the U.S. had stopped supporting ‘Israeli hardliners’ unless we nuked Israel ourselves (and even then they’d likely say it was ‘just a good start’).” Yes, I see you’re an astute student of Middle Eastern history and politics. The sanctions against Iraq was by U.N. resolution; if the U.S. is going to be blamed for them, then a lot of other countries would have to be lumped in with us. Yes, of course, and Bin Laden also blames those countries. But the US has always been the strongest proponent of those sanctions. Remember when Madeleine Albright was asked by Dianne Sawyer about estimates that 500,000 Iraqi children died because they didn’t have medicine and clean water, because we (delberately) bombed their water and sewage systems during Gulf War I, then put water purification equipment and chemicals on the banned list during the sanctions regime? Was it worth it, Dianne asked? Yes, Mad Madeleine intoned solemnly. I think it was. Also, the bit about pleasure palaces is silly. The oil-for-food program, even if administrered exactly as designed, would never have come close to providing basic needs, even if an angel were running Iraq.

Islamofascists attack America because it is not an exclusively Islamic state, and they attack other countries for the same reason (even France, which has tried to maintain friendly relations with Hamas, the PLO, and other terrorist organizations is finding itself in the crosshairs). This is the claim that neoconservatives and Bush repeat ad nauseam. But saying it over and over again doesn’t make it true. I’ve never seen one shred of evidence — documentary, historical, theological — supporting it. Nobody blows himself up because he hates the fact that someone else, in a land far away, enjoys freedom. This simply doesn’t pass the smell test.

Omar 09.04.04 at 1:08 pm

‘Has it really, though? I’ve heard a lot of anti-Iraq War people make this assertion, but I’ve yet to see anything to really back it up.’

What? Ive heard a lot of the pro-war lobby make claims Iraq and Al Qaeda had a working relationship, but have no proof. Infact, this wild claim used as a reason for war had been disproved.

‘There was a much-ballyhooed line from the 9/11 Commission report that seemed at a glance to support this statement,’

What? The report explicitly supports my statement. Here is the wording from the commission…

The panel said it found “no credible evidence that Iraq and al Qaeda cooperated on attacks against the United States.”

“There have been reports that contacts between Iraq and al Qaeda also occurred after bin Laden had returned to Afghanistan, but they do not appear to have resulted in a collaborative relationship,”

This is not at all ambigious. Iraq and Al Qaeda had no working relationship. Even Bush was forced to concede this. Its pretty undisputed. Bin Laden was a known dissenter of Saddam’s secular regime. He even sponsored Kurdish militants. The 9/11 commission also revealed this, and Bin Laden himself denies any relationship with Iraq.

‘but other portions of that same report contradicted it. While it’s true that the 9/11 murderers weren’t acting under direct orders from Saddam, Saddam-era Iraq was a staunch supporter and abetter of terrorism in general, and of al-Qaeda in particular. That’s hardly “nothing”.’

This is false rhetoric. Saddam had nothing to do with Al Qaeda, much less the 9/11 attacks. There are huge differences between Saddam era Iraq, and the fundamentalism of Al Qaeda. Iraq was secular.

Robin Munn 09.04.04 at 1:13 pm

I’ll address your last comment, Peter. You responded to the comment that “Islamofascists attack America [and other countries] because it is not an exclusively Islamic state,” saying that you’ve never seen one shred of evidence to support that statement.

How much have you studied the general principles of Islam? If you’ve made a detailed study, then what I’m about to say will be repeating stuff you already know. But if you’ve never studied it, then this may be new information to you.

Before I start, I should point out that I am not a Muslim. I am a Christian. But from here on out I’ll be writing from the perspective of Islam as best I understand it. For clarity’s sake, I’m not going to put “according to the teachings of Islam” into every sentence, but just read it as there, OK?

The word “islam”, in Arabic, means “submission” — submission to the will of God (Allah), as revealed through Muhammed, the final prophet. Islam acknowledges Moses and Jesus as prophets, and acknowledges the Bible as a holy book, but says that later revelation (such as the Qu’ran) trumps earlier revelation like the Bible. Where the Qu’ran contradicts the Bible, the Qu’ran is to be followed, because it came after the Bible. And within the Qu’ran, the later surahs trump the earlier surahs. (Later in chronological order, that is.) This can be tricky for non-Muslims to figure out, because the Qu’ran is not arranged in chronological order, but rather in length order, with the lengthier surahs first and the shorter ones last.

The basic world view of Islam is that the world is divided into two parts: the Dar al-Islam (”house of submission”), where Islam rules (which usually is interpreted to mean that the government is run along Qu’ranic principles); and the Dar al-Harb (”house of war”), where Islam does not yet rule. Note the word “yet” in the previous sentence. It is the ultimate destiny of Islam to bring the entire world into submission to itself, and the means to do so is through jihad, “holy struggle”. Note that the term “jihad” does not necessarily mean “holy war”, and many Muslims interpret jihad to mean the struggle of persuading non-Muslims to follow the principles of Islam. But there is a strong strain of Islam which interprets jihad to mean “holy war”, and there is plenty of evidence in the Qu’ran to support that. I won’t go into all of it here; over at http://www.yahoodi.com/peace/jihad.html, you can find a very detailed analysis of the word “jihad” in Islamic tradition.

Finally, the concept of martyrdom. From the same page: “Those who…fought in the path of God have the hope of the mercy of God…” (02:215). “Those that…fought and died for My cause shall be forgiven their sins and admitted to gardens watered by running streams…” (03:194). I have not been able to find any Qu’ranic support for the claim that those who become martyrs in jihad will be granted seventy-two women as wives in Paradise; but that the claim exists and is widely believed is quite clear. Look, for example, at the case several months ago of a mentally-retarded teenager who had been recruited as a suicide bomber. (This was either in Iraq or Israel; I forget which). He was caught by the guards at a checkpoint and disarmed without being killed. When questioned about why he did it, part of his answer was “Nobody would want me to marry their daughter; so martyrdom is the only way I’ll ever get to experience sex.”

Besides the obvious benefits of Paradise for those who die in the cause of jihad, there is another benefit that may not be obvious to non-Muslims until it is pointed out. While the Qu’ran lists a whole lot of things one must do in order to be allowed into Paradise (give alms, pray five times a day, etc.), there is no guarantee that such things will be sufficient! There is a certain guarantee of hell for those who do not follow the teachings of Islam, or for those who slack off in their duty. But if you follow Islam all your life, you will still be questioning and wondering: “Did I do enough? Did I live a good enough life? Or when I get to Paradise, will I discover that I didn’t quite measure up becasue I skipped early-morning prayers every now and then?” The only guaranteed way to get to Paradise (and this guarantee is right there in the Qu’ran) is to die a holy martyr in the cause of jihad.

OK, enough talking from an Islamic perspective. Back to being me again.

Put all this together. The world not controlled by Islam is the Dar al-Harb (”house of war”). Jihad is the holy struggle against non-believers. Becoming a martyr in the cause of jihad is the only way to know for certain that you’ll reach Paradise, says Islam — and the promise of Paradise is a pretty nice one indeed. Is it any surprise at all, then, that a rational Muslim will deliberately choose martyrdom? If you believe all this, then martyrdom is suddenly not the act of a crazed fanatic at all, but the right choice based on a very rational cost-reward analysis. Suicide bombings, piloting planes into buildings, whatever: the means are many, but the end is the same. They want to become martyrs in the process of killing infidels, because that’s the way to get into Paradise. America, Israel, whoever. Doesn’t matter. They’re all part of the Dar al-Harb; they’re all infidels.

How’s that as evidence for the claim that “Islamofascists attack America [and other countries] because it is not an exclusively Islamic state”?

actus 09.04.04 at 3:03 pm

“They want to prove he’s a hypocrite”

In 2001 he praised Kerry’s record on defending this country.

Omar 09.04.04 at 7:04 pm

As a guy who was actually raised as a Muslim, (Im not now) i think i have a right to correct a few things here. Robin, you clearly have a good knowledge on the subject, but i think you have interpreted a few things wrongly.

‘Islam acknowledges Moses and Jesus as prophets, and acknowledges the Bible as a holy book, but says that later revelation (such as the Qu’ran) trumps earlier revelation like the Bible.’

This is true. Islam recognises previous prophets, but does not recognise Jesus as a ’son of God.’ Islam is heavily tied to Judaism and Christianity.

‘Note that the term “jihad” does not necessarily mean “holy war”, and many Muslims interpret jihad to mean the struggle of persuading non-Muslims to follow the principles of Islam. But there is a strong strain of Islam which interprets jihad to mean “holy war”, and there is plenty of evidence in the Qu’ran to support that.’

Western definitions of Jihads are usually pretty flawed. Jihad simply means ’struggle.’ Jihad can be both offensive and defensive, but only in the right situations. This is what the Qu’ran says.

” Fight in the cause of God against those who fight you, but do not transgress limits. God does not love the transgressors” (Qur’an 2:190).

‘I have not been able to find any Qu’ranic support for the claim that those who become martyrs in jihad will be granted seventy-two women as wives in Paradise;’

In terms of the Qu’ran, this doesnt exist. This is an interpretation, like Christian interpretations of heaven.

‘But if you follow Islam all your life, you will still be questioning and wondering: “Did I do enough? Did I live a good enough life? Or when I get to Paradise, will I discover that I didn’t quite measure up becasue I skipped early-morning prayers every now and then?” ‘

The Qu’ran teaches there are several levels of paradise, each beyond human logic.

I disagree with the assumption fundamentalist attacks are made just because the people are not Muslim.
In Iraq, extremists have been known to kill people who are Muslim to achieve their goals. Islam recognises that Christians and Jews are ‘people of the book,’ and should be tolerated. In Medieval times, Muslims accepted Jews and Christians, albeit they made the pay a special tax. This didnt happen in Christian countries. Those of other religions, and even Christians who didnt follow the Pope were ruthlessly hunted down.

‘”Surely the believers and the Jews, Christians and Sabians [Middle East groups traditionally recognised by Islam as having a monotheistic orientation], whoever believes in God and the Last Day, and whoever does right, shall have his reward with his Lord and will neither have fear nor regret” (2:62).

Islam does not teach forced conversion.

Robin Munn 09.04.04 at 9:17 pm

Thanks, Omar. A couple points:

“Islam … does not recognise Jesus as a ’son of God’.”

I knew that already, I just didn’t point it out in my post.

“Western definitions of Jihads are usually pretty flawed. Jihad simply means ’struggle.’”

That’s why I did not attempt to expound the definition of jihad at any great length; I simply linked to a site that has a much better analysis of what the Qu’ran (and various Islamic teachers commenting on the Qu’ran) have said about jihad.

The main point, I believe, is that while many Muslims (quite possibly the vast majority, although I don’t know how to find numbers on the subject) would agree with Omar that jihad should be interpreted as peaceful struggle, there is a significant number who do not. In their interpretation, jihad means “holy war” and justifies just about anything. They are the ones generally referred to as the “Islamofascists”; they are the ones who fly planes into office buildings and take schoolchildren hostage.

We’re not trying to analyse why moderate Muslims commit these acts, because moderate Muslims don’t commit them. We’re trying to analyse the mindset of the hard-line radicals; and they don’t believe what Omar just stated.

“I disagree with the assumption fundamentalist attacks are made just because the people are not Muslim.”

Not because the people are not Muslim, but because the country is not Muslim. In Iraq, the hardliners who kill Muslims (usually accidentally, as they just happened to be near the explosion when the bomb went off) are usually committing those acts of violence in opposition to the U.S. occupation. Or, more recently, in opposition to the new Iraqi government, which they see as illegitimate because it was set up by the U.S. and co-operates with the U.S. military. In places like America and Russia, the violence is because those are non-Islamic states.

Omar is right that these fundamentalist attacks have little to do with the religion of the victims. There may have been Muslims among the victims in the WTC and the Russian school; because of the large numbers of people, there’s a very high likelihood that a good number of them were Muslim. But the terrorists carried out those attacks anyway, because they wanted to send a message to America and Russia. It’s not the religion of the victims that matters, it’s the fact that the states involved were part of the Dar al-Harb.

Robin Munn 09.04.04 at 9:58 pm

I just noticed that there was one more comment in Omar’s post that I had meant to respond to:

“Islam does not teach forced conversion.”

Its early history suggests otherwise. Muhammed was a war leader, and his immediate successors carried on his tradition. Islam’s early spread was primarily through conquest. The non-violent spread of Islam is a much more recent phenomenon.

La Shawn 09.04.04 at 10:05 pm

I’m enjoying the thread on this post, guys. I may blog about Islam in light of the latest tragedy in Russia (there will be more) and havoc being wreaked all over the world by Muslim terrorists (dig that passive voice) who can’t seem get along with most of the world’s inhabitants. Curious why that is.

Peter 09.04.04 at 10:46 pm

A few questions for Robin. If Al Qaeda targets those nations that are part of the Dar al-Harb, why the U.S. in particular? While the U.S. is obviously not a Muslim state, it’s faily tolerant towards Muslims — much more so than, say, China or India, where Muslims are persecuted. Why not crash airliners into downtown Beijing? If they hate us because we’re free, why not attack, say Switzerland, where citizens enjoy even more freedom? Finally, why now? Why were there no Muslim terorist attacks and U.S. soil prior to the 1990s? Did we suddenly becomen apostates then?

In other words, do you really think U.S. policies in the Middle East have nothing to do with any of this?

Adam 09.04.04 at 11:19 pm

As a note, Miller’s listing of Weapons systems Kerry opposed came from Kerry’s 1984 campaign literature which advocated cancelling or reducing (Cancelling mostly) all of the listed systems.

So Miller is correct and his opponents are wrong, Kerry did oppose the systems, even if they never did come up for a vote outside of committee.

Robin Munn 09.04.04 at 11:26 pm

I don’t think the U.S. is being singled out in particular. Ask France, Spain, and Russia if they think the U.S. is being singled out.

I wouldn’t be too surprised to see India targeted by the Islamofascists, either. On the other hand, Pakistan is right next door. Maybe the reason they haven’t carried out terrorist attacks in India is because they’re diverting those resources towards preparing Pakistan for a conventional war.

China probably doesn’t register as a current threat to the Islamofascists, because they’re not doing much in the Middle East. Ditto Switzerland, etc.

Yes, I think U.S. actions in the Middle East probably have something to do with the Islamofascists’ hatred of the U.S. After all, our vision of democratic governments, carrying freedom of religion with them, is a major threat to the Islamofascists’ desire to spread the Dar al-Islam across the entire world. Bin Laden cited the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia as one of the reasons why he wanted to attack the U.S., although personally I think the combination of America’s high visibility and the “weak horse” theory was the largest factor in that decision. (”People will back the strong horse, and America is a weak horse” is how I remember Bin Laden’s words. He figured that America wouldn’t respond in a significant way to the September 11th attacks. He figured wrong.)

But you know what? I wholeheartedly oppose the Islamofascists’ goal! I think trying to appease them by picking foreign policy positions that please them would be a horrendous mistake, because their ultimate goal is nothing short of world domination. To push an analogy, we can’t just let them have the Sudetenland and hope they’ll be satisfied. They won’t. No matter what actions America takes, the Islamofascists will still come up with reasons to hate us and attack us. Therefore, I think a good rule of thumb for foreign policy decisions might well be, “Let’s figure out what would please the Islamofascists the most. Then let’s make sure to do the exact opposite.”

Robin Munn 09.04.04 at 11:29 pm

Looking at my previous comment, that last sentence could be taken wrongly. I’m sure the Islamofascists would hate a policy of “Let’s just nuke the entire Middle East,” for example. I would also oppose such a policy. No, that’s putting it too mildly. I would say that nuking the entire Middle East would be even more evil than any of the terrorist actions we’ve seen so far. So please don’t think that’s what I’m trying to advocate.

Maybe a better way of phrasing it would have been: “Let’s figure out a course of action that moderate Muslims won’t mind, but that will have the Islamofascists absolutely quivering with rage. Then let’s do it as fast as we can.”

Omar 09.05.04 at 7:58 am

‘Its early history suggests otherwise. Muhammed was a war leader, and his immediate successors carried on his tradition. Islam’s early spread was primarily through conquest. ‘

Most civilisations in the past have used conquest as a means of spreading their religion. Christianity is no different. This does not mean Islam actually teaches this. Heres a piece from the Qu’ran supporting my point.

“Surely the believers and the Jews, Christians and Sabians [Middle East groups traditionally recognised by Islam as having a monotheistic orientation], whoever believes in God and the Last Day, and whoever does right, shall have his reward with his Lord and will neither have fear nor regret” (2:62).

‘China probably doesn’t register as a current threat to the Islamofascists, because they’re not doing much in the Middle East.’

China actually has problems with Islamic fundamentalism. Its estimated 15 to 40 million Muslims live in China. Most notably in the Xinjiang area, which was annexed along with Tibet. It has had problems with terrorism in the past.

‘Not because the people are not Muslim, but because the country is not Muslim. In Iraq, the hardliners who kill Muslims (usually accidentally, as they just happened to be near the explosion when the bomb went off)’

There is no accident about the killing of fellow Muslims in Iraq. Iraqi’s who have any association with the Coalition, or want to are the target of extremists. Note the suicide bombings against Iraqi muslims trying to join the police force.

‘It’s not the religion of the victims that matters, it’s the fact that the states involved were part of the Dar al-Harb.’

I disagree. Al Qaeda, maybe. But people like the Chechnyians, and terrorists within Iraq are fighting, chiefly a political war against occupation, and in the case of Chechnya for an independent state. Its important that Chechnya is not exclusively Muslim, Christians also fight for the separatist cause. Same in Palestine, Christian Palestinians fight alongside their Muslim countrymen.

‘would agree with Omar that jihad should be interpreted as peaceful struggle, there is a significant number who do not. In their interpretation, jihad means “holy war” and justifies just about anything.’

Good call. I agree with you here, im just saying that these terrorists use the term indiscriminatly, despite the fact the Qu’ran speaks against this. The purpose of Jihad, is not to take over the world for Islam, and the Qu’ran states this.

Pat in NC 09.05.04 at 9:09 pm

Zell spoke for me. Maybe it is because I am close to his age and lived through many changes in the Democratic party. I have actually voted for Democrats and still consider myself an independent. I grew up in Minnesota with the Dem Farm labor party but I have seen them go farther and farther to the extremely liberal side. Zell said in his H&C interview that he had not done his homework and spoke from the prepared bio. In fact he said he was really unaware of the left drift of his party until he came to Washington and attended the Democratic caucus. I believe he really feels deserted by his party. His one statement re Bush that I loved was “I knocked on the door to that man’s soul and found somebody home” –what more could I ask for than a man who relies on God. I believe Bush is a gift from God to this nation.

Pat in NC 09.05.04 at 9:13 pm

As for civil rights, I think Zell was on the wrong side for a long time based on the area of the country in which he live. He is, however, the Georgia Govenor who finally got rid of the Confederate emblem on the Georgia state flag. We tend to accept the prejudices of our family and community until we begin to explore our own reasons for thoughts. I think then we can change. I think Zell changed.

Jeannie 09.06.04 at 1:06 am

Read in Osama bin Laden’s own words why he attacked the US (sorry, not sure how to do a link): http://observer.guardian.co.uk/worldview/story/0,11581,845725,00.html

Short post to make up for all of my long rants.

chris 09.06.04 at 11:39 am

I find the discussions about islam very interesting and civil thank you. The post was about zell miller, his speech was an appeal to Reagan Democrats to vote for Bush. if his speech worked it will clearly lock up the south for Bush.

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